Answers to Exercises
Note: Almost all the exercises have many possible correct answers; what’s listed here are merely sample correct answers.
| 1 | Starting Out: Elementary Arithmetic | 
   1.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   1.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +1.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 2 | Introducing Functions | 
   2.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   2.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   2.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   2.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   2.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +2.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 3 | First Look at Lists | 
   3.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   3.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +3.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +3.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +3.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +3.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +3.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 4 | Displaying Lists | 
   4.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   4.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +4.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 5 | Operations on Lists | 
   5.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   5.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +5.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 6 | Making Tables | 
   6.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   6.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +6.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 7 | Colors and Styles | 
   7.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   7.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +7.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 8 | Basic Graphics Objects | 
   8.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   8.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +8.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +8.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +8.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 9 | Interactive Manipulation | 
   9.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   9.15
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +9.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +9.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +9.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 10 | Images | 
   10.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   10.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +10.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +10.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +10.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +10.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 11 | Strings and Text | 
   11.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.15
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.16
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.17
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.18
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.19
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.20
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.21
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.22
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.23
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.24
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.25
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.26
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.27
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.28
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.29
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   11.30
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +11.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 12 | Sound | 
   12.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   12.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +12.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +12.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +12.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +12.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 13 | Arrays, or Lists of Lists | 
   13.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   13.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +13.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +13.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 14 | Coordinates and Graphics | 
   14.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   14.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +14.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 16 | Real‐World Data | 
   16.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   16.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +16.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +16.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +16.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 17 | Units | 
   17.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   17.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +17.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 18 | Geocomputation | 
   18.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   18.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +18.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 19 | Dates and Times | 
   19.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   19.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +19.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 20 | Options | 
   20.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   20.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +20.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 21 | Graphs and Networks | 
   21.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   21.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +21.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 22 | Machine Learning | 
   22.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.15
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   22.16
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +22.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 23 | More about Numbers | 
   23.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   23.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +23.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +23.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +23.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +23.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 24 | More Forms of Visualization | 
   24.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   24.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +24.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 25 | Ways to Apply Functions | 
   25.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   25.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 26 | Pure Anonymous Functions | 
   26.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   26.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +26.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 27 | Applying Functions Repeatedly | 
   27.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   27.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +27.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +27.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +27.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +27.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +27.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 28 | Tests and Conditionals | 
   28.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   28.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +28.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 29 | More about Pure Functions | 
   29.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   29.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   29.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   29.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   29.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   29.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +29.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 30 | Rearranging Lists | 
   30.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.15
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.16
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.17
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.18
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.19
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.20
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   30.21
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   +30.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 31 | Parts of Lists | 
   31.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   31.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 32 | Patterns | 
   32.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   32.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 33 | Expressions and Their Structure | 
   33.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   33.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 34 | Associations | 
   34.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   34.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   34.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   34.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   34.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   34.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 35 | Natural Language Understanding | 
   35.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.14
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   35.15
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 36 | Creating Websites and Apps | 
   36.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   36.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   +36.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 
   +36.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
 | 37 | Layout and Display | 
   37.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   37.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 38 | Assigning Names to Things | 
   38.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   38.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 39 | Immediate and Delayed Values | 
   39.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   39.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 40 | Defining Your Own Functions | 
   40.1
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.2
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.3
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.4
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.5
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.6
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.7
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.8
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.9
    
   
  
  
   
  
   40.10
    
   
  
  
   
  | 41 | More about Patterns | 
   41.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.3
    
   
  
  
   
  
   41.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   41.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 42 | String Patterns and Templates | 
   42.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   42.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 44 | Importing and Exporting | 
   44.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   44.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 45 | Datasets | 
   45.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.6
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.7
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.8
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.9
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.10
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.11
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.12
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   45.13
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 46 | Writing Good Code | 
   46.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   46.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   46.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   46.4
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   46.5
    
   
  
  
   
   
 | 47 | Debugging Your Code | 
   47.1
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   47.2
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
   47.3
    
   
  
  
   
   
 





