Wolfram Language Fast Introduction for Math Students
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Plots in 2D

Generate a 2D plot of a polynomial function:

(The interval notation of {x,min,max} defines the domain.)
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Plot[x^2 + 2 x + 1, {x, -10, 10}]
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Or plot a 2D region for a set of inequalities:

(&& is the symbol for And.)
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RegionPlot[Reduce[{x^2 + y < 2 && x + y < 1}], {x, -3, 3}, {y, -3, 3}]
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There are lots of useful options to customize visualizations, like adding legends:

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Plot[{x^3, x^2, x}, {x, -2, 2}, PlotLegends -> "Expressions"]
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Or filling a plot to visualize the area under a curve:

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Plot[1/x, {x, -3, 3}, Filling -> Axis]
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Combine different plot types with Show:

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Show[{Plot[x^2 + 2, {x, -3, 3}], 
  RegionPlot[2 x > y - 3, {x, -3, 3}, {y, 0, 9}]}]
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QUICK REFERENCE: Function Visualization »

QUICK REFERENCE: Graphics Options & Styling »